Buletin Kedokteran & Kesehatan Prima
type: channel
description: This is a bimonthly scientific publication in the fields of medicine and health, issued in March and September (ISSN: 2828-9994). The journal publishes original research articles, including field studies, laboratory studies, and literature reviews across various disciplines such as clinical medicine, tropical medicine, dentistry, biomedical sciences, clinical pharmacy, and public health. Indexed in: Garuda | Google Scholar
publisher: Fakultas Kedokteran, Kedokteran Gigi, dan Ilmu Kesehatan
language: en-US
publication name: Buletin Kedokteran & Kesehatan Prima
issn: 2828-9994
items: An evaluation of patient satisfaction with pharmaceutical services at Munyang Kute Regional General Hospital
items: Sociodemographic and knowledge profile of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus at Royal Prima General Hospital
items: Glycemic control, periodontal disease, and tooth mobility in type 2 diabetes
items: Demographic characteristics and mortality of dengue fever in Medan City (2021-2024)
items: The use of herbal medicines and related factors among diabetic patients
items: Factors affecting community waste disposal in the Deli River, Medan Petisah
items: Characteristics of stunted toddlers in Medan Belawan
items: The effects of phyto-aeration using water lilies on biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and phosphate levels in laundry wastewater
items: Comparison of bacang mango leaf extract concentrations (25%, 50%, and 75%) in inhibiting Streptococcus mutans in vitro
items: Effectiveness of transdermal patch formulation of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. leaf extract as an antipyretic in male rats induced with DPT vaccine
items: The association between farmer characteristics, behavior, and pesticide spraying patterns and skin disorders in citrus farmers in Aji Mbelang Village, Karo Regency
items: Glibenclamide prescription services profile in pharmacies of the Tapung Hilir District
items: Examining safety knowledge and attitudinal factors related to unsafe conduct among lathe operators
items: The association between lifestyle and hypertension among elderly: A cross-sectional study at the Merdeka Community Health Center, Karo Regency
items: Relationship between clean water quality and sanitation with health problems in Rambung Baru Village, Sibolangit Sub-district
items: The association between workload and occupational stress levels among nurses at the Medan Tuntungan Community Health Center
items: Effect of hygiene of kitchen utensils and food handlers on microbial counts in Jumbo Ayahanda Iced Tea drinks, Medan City
items: Differences in nutritional status of exclusively breastfed and non-exclusively breastfed infants aged 0-6 months in Kutambaru Village, Munte Subdistrict
items: Effectiveness of leaflet and video interventions in promoting disease prevention behaviors among online motorcycle taxi drivers in Medan City
items: Factors associated with dietary adherence among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus at Royal Prima General Hospital
items: Climate change and the life cycle of aedes mosquitoes as vectors of the dengue virus: A scoping review

An evaluation of patient satisfaction with pharmaceutical services at Munyang Kute Regional General Hospital
type: item
description: Patient satisfaction is a crucial indicator for assessing hospital service quality, in which pharmaceutical services play a vital role as a primary point of contact with patients. This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the satisfaction level of outpatients with the pharmaceutical services at Munyang Kute Regional General Hospital. This research employed a descriptive quantitative design with a cross-sectional approach. A total of 90 respondents were selected through a purposive sampling technique based on predetermined criteria. The research instrument was an adapted questionnaire designed to measure satisfaction across five dimensions of service quality: tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy. The collected data were analyzed descriptively using SPSS software. The findings indicated that patients were generally satisfied with the pharmaceutical services they received. The highest level of satisfaction was observed in the responsiveness dimension, with a percentage of 69.72%. The other dimensions, in descending order, were tangibles (32.21%), empathy (27.19%), assurance (19.60%), and the lowest was the reliability dimension (16.00%). Overall, the patient perception of pharmaceutical services at Munyang Kute Regional General Hospital is positive. Nevertheless, there remains room for improvement, particularly in the reliability and assurance dimensions. Continuous quality improvement through enhanced patient education and optimization of facilities is highly recommended.
creator: Nuriza Bengimiate
creator: Haqi Hartopo
creator: Razoki Razoki
creator: Astriani Natalia Br Ginting
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Nuriza Bengimiate, Haqi Hartopo, Razoki Razoki, Astriani Natalia Br Ginting https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-06-08
publication date: 2025-06-08
volume: 4
number: 2
starting page: 238
ending page: 242
doi: 10.34012/bkkp.v4i2.7173

Sociodemographic and knowledge profile of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus at Royal Prima General Hospital
type: item
description: This study utilized a descriptive design with a cross-sectional approach, conducted from April to May 2024 at Royal Prima General Hospital, Medan. A total sampling technique was employed, including all 64 registered T2DM patients. Sociodemographic and knowledge data were collected via questionnaire and analyzed using univariate analysis to generate frequency distributions and percentages. The findings revealed that the majority of respondents were aged ≥45 years (62.5%), male (53.13%), had a low education level (≤9 years of schooling) (53.13%), and were unemployed (51.56%). Nevertheless, a majority of patients (62.5%) possessed a good level of knowledge regarding their disease. The profile of T2DM patients is consistent with that of a socioeconomically high-risk population. The high level of knowledge observed in the majority of patients may not guarantee optimal disease management due to potential structural and economic barriers. Therefore, intervention strategies for T2DM must be multifaceted, moving beyond education to address socioeconomic obstacles that impede the translation of knowledge into effective self-care behaviors.
creator: Iren Theresia Melati Br Naibaho
creator: I Nyoman Ehrich Lister
creator: Ermi Girsang
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Iren Theresia Melati Br Naibaho, I Nyoman Ehrich Lister, Ermi Girsang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-06-09
publication date: 2025-06-09
volume: 4
number: 2
starting page: 243
ending page: 247
doi: 10.34012/bkkp.v4i2.7178

Glycemic control, periodontal disease, and tooth mobility in type 2 diabetes
type: item
description: Diabetes mellitus, a growing global and national health crisis, is associated with various systemic complications, including often-overlooked oral health deterioration, particularly periodontal disease. While the general bidirectional link between diabetes and periodontal disease is established, research on the direct correlation between glycaemic control (HbA1c) and periodontal status or tooth mobility in specific regional contexts like Indonesia remains inconsistent. This study aimed to analyse this relationship in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) at Dr. Yuliddin Away Tapaktuan Hospital. An analytical survey with a cross-sectional design was conducted in September-October 2024 at RSUD dr. Yuliddin Away Tapaktuan. A convenience sample of 40 T2DM patients was selected from a population of 63. HbA1c level was the independent variable, while periodontal disease status and tooth mobility degree were the dependent variables. Data were collected via direct oral examination and patient medical records, and subsequently analysed to determine associations. The study cohort (n=40) was predominantly female (72.5%) and over 45 years old (85%). A significant majority (80.0%) exhibited uncontrolled HbA1c levels. Periodontal disease was highly prevalent, with 80.0% of patients having gingivitis. The bivariate analysis revealed a strong and statistically significant relationship between blood glucose control and periodontal disease severity (p < 0.001). Among patients with controlled HbA1c, 87.5% maintained healthy periodontal status, whereas 96.8% of those with uncontrolled HbA1c presented with gingivitis. Conversely, while all controlled HbA1c patients showed no tooth mobility (Degree 0), 21.9% of the uncontrolled group had some degree of mobility (Degree 1 or 2). However, this association between HbA1c control and tooth mobility was not statistically significant (p = 0.910). This study confirms a significant inverse relationship between optimal blood glucose contro…
creator: Molek Molek
creator: Susiani Tarigan
creator: Arifah Nur Amaliyah Nuari
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Molek Molek, Susiani Tarigan, Arifah Nur Amaliyah Nuari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-06-11
publication date: 2025-06-11
volume: 4
number: 2
starting page: 248
ending page: 253
doi: 10.34012/bkkp.v4i2.6835

Demographic characteristics and mortality of dengue fever in Medan City (2021-2024)
type: item
description: Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is a significant public health challenge in Indonesia, including the city of Medan. This study aimed to determine the prevalence, demographic distribution (by sex and age group), and mortality rates of DHF in Medan from 2021 to 2024. This study used secondary data from reports provided by the Medan City Health Office, which compiled information from all public health centers (Puskesmas) in the region. Analysis of the data revealed that the pediatric age group (5–14 years) was the most affected population. The distribution of cases showed a relatively balanced proportion between males and females. DHF mortality rates fluctuated annually, with a notable downward trend observed in 2024. These findings underscore the critical need to strengthen DHF prevention and control programs, with a specific focus on vulnerable age groups and high-incidence areas. This study is expected to serve as a foundational resource for public health policy planning and to enhance the capacity of primary healthcare services to effectively manage DHF cases.
creator: Muhammad Iqbal
creator: Marlinang Isabella Silalahi
creator: Putri Yunita Pane
creator: Eva Ellya Sibagariang
creator: Dewi Sartika Munthe
creator: Leo Nardi
creator: Antonius Fransiskus
creator: Christopher Lawrence
creator: Nicolas Xavier Ongko
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Iqbal, Marlinang Isabella Silalahi, Putri Yunita Pane, Eva Ellya Sibagariang, Dewi Sartika Munthe, Leo Nardi, Antonius Fransiskus, Christopher Lawrence, Nicolas Xavier Ongko https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-07-15
publication date: 2025-07-15
volume: 4
number: 2
starting page: 254
ending page: 258
doi: 10.34012/bkkp.v4i2.7350

The use of herbal medicines and related factors among diabetic patients
type: item
description: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic non-communicable disease characterized by elevated blood glucose levels due to insulin dysfunction. The use of herbal medicine has increased among patients with diabetes due to the widespread availability of information about herbal treatments globally. Many believe herbal remedies have minimal side effects and are more natural. The purpose of this study was to identify the factors associated with the use of herbal medicine among DM patients at Puskesmas Kampung Baru, Medan Maimun District. This quantitative, cross-sectional study was conducted from February to April 2025. The independent variables examined were age, education, income, knowledge, attitude, and belief, while the use of herbal medicine served as the dependent variable. The study population included all 809 registered DM patients at Puskesmas Kampung Baru. A sample of 189 was selected using a proportion difference test formula and a simple random sampling method. Bivariate data analysis was performed using the chi-square test. The results indicate that 164 (86.6%) respondents use herbal medicine. A significant association was found between herbal medicine use and age (p=0.019), income (p=0.000), knowledge (p=0.000), attitude (p=0.000), and belief (p=0.000). However, no significant association was found with education (p=0.089). Based on these findings, it is recommended that patients with diabetes mellitus receive counseling on the safe and evidence-based use of herbal medicine, with a strong emphasis on consulting healthcare professionals.
creator: T. Syifa Rasyida
creator: Elfani Dita Pradana Laoli
creator: Tariana Ginting
creator: Eva Ellya Sibagariang
creator: Dameria Dameria
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 T. Syifa Rasyida, Elfani Dita Pradana Laoli, Tariana Ginting, Eva Ellya Sibagariang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-07-15
publication date: 2025-07-15
volume: 4
number: 2
starting page: 259
ending page: 264
doi: 10.34012/bkkp.v4i2.7359

Factors affecting community waste disposal in the Deli River, Medan Petisah
type: item
description: Humanity and other living organisms coexist within the environment. Rivers, as essential components of the environment, provide critical benefits for human survival, including supplying water for daily use, supporting fisheries, and facilitating water transportation. However, human activities frequently exert negative impacts on river ecosystems, such as the disposal of solid and industrial waste. This study aimed to identify the factors influencing community waste disposal practices in the Deli River, Petisah Village, in 2023. Employing a quantitative, descriptive-analytical cross-sectional survey design, the study population comprised 250 residents residing along the Deli River, from which a sample of 154 participants was selected through simple random sampling. Bivariate analyses were conducted using the Chi-square test. The findings demonstrate significant associations between waste disposal behavior and knowledge (p=0.004), attitude (p=0.004), practices (p<0.001), and infrastructure (p=0.008). Furthermore, logistic regression analysis identified infrastructure as the strongest predictor of waste disposal behavior, indicating that inadequate infrastructure increases the likelihood of respondents disposing of waste into the river.
creator: Artosi Sumana Lumban Batu
creator: Rapael Ginting
creator: Hartono Hartono
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Artosi Sumana Lumban Batu, Rapael Ginting, Hartono Hartono https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-07-16
publication date: 2025-07-16
volume: 4
number: 2
starting page: 265
ending page: 270
doi: 10.34012/bkkp.v4i2.7234

Characteristics of stunted toddlers in Medan Belawan
type: item
description: This study aimed to characterize stunting among children under five years of age in Medan Belawan, North Sumatra, Indonesia, a sub-district with a high prevalence of this public health challenge. Employing a quantitative descriptive design, data were retrospectively collected from records of 40 stunted toddlers at the Belawan Community Health Center in 2024. The analysis examined maternal and parental characteristics, as well as the demographic and anthropometric profiles of the toddlers, including gender, age, weight, height, and nutritional status. The results indicated that the demographic profile was predominantly composed of mothers with lower educational attainment, most having completed only junior or senior high school. Parental occupations were mainly homemakers and fishermen, reflecting the local socioeconomic context. Stunting was more common among male toddlers (57.5%) and those in the older age group (2.6–5 years), who accounted for 70% of the sample. Anthropometric measurements confirmed the severity of stunting, with 55% of toddlers classified as severely stunted and a significant proportion identified as underweight or severely underweight. Despite the high prevalence of stunting, the majority of toddlers were classified as well-nourished based on weight-for-height indices, suggesting that chronic growth failure rather than acute malnutrition constitutes the primary nutritional concern. These findings underscore the multifactorial and complex nature of stunting in this vulnerable population, emphasizing the roles of socioeconomic and environmental determinants beyond mere caloric deficiency.
creator: Rifka Febrianti
creator: Renita Br. Tarigan
creator: Riska Gulo
creator: Marlinang Isabella Silalahi
creator: Pahala Maringan Jubel Simangunsong
creator: Putri Yunita Pane
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Rifka Febrianti, Renita Br. Tarigan, Riska Gulo, Marlinang Isabella Silalahi, Pahala Maringan Jubel Simangunsong, Putri Yunita Pane https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-07-16
publication date: 2025-07-16
volume: 4
number: 2
starting page: 271
ending page: 276
doi: 10.34012/bkkp.v4i2.7383

The effects of phyto-aeration using water lilies on biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and phosphate levels in laundry wastewater
type: item
description: Phytoremediation, a technique that employs plants to extract pollutants from soil and water, offers a promising solution for mitigating water contamination from liquid waste. This method is characterized by its simplicity, cost-effectiveness, high efficacy, and minimal environmental impact. It can also be aesthetically integrated into various settings to address pollution. A notable plant used in this process is the water hyacinth. Despite its rapid growth and classification as an invasive weed that can harm aquatic ecosystems, the water hyacinth possesses significant potential for environmental remediation. This research employed a quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest non-equivalent control group to evaluate the effectiveness of water hyacinth in reducing key pollutants. The study's primary objective was to quantify the reduction of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and phosphate levels in laundry liquid waste. A comparative analysis was conducted between an experimental group, where water hyacinth was utilized, and a control group. The study was conducted at the Environmental Health Engineering and Disease Control Center Class 1 Medan laboratory. Laundry wastewater was analyzed using spectrophotometry. The results indicated that phyto-aeration with water hyacinth was only able to achieve a 57% reduction in phosphate levels, decreasing the concentration from 1.52 mg/L to 0.65 mg/L. Further research is needed to optimize the phytoremediation process, particularly by increasing the remediation time and plant density. These modifications could potentially improve water quality by elevating dissolved oxygen (DO) levels and enhancing the biological degradation of pollutants.
creator: M. Regzi Maulana
creator: Marlinang Isabella Silalahi
creator: Putri Handayani
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 M. Regzi Maulana, Marlinang Isabella Silalahi, Putri Handayani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-07-31
publication date: 2025-07-31
volume: 4
number: 2
starting page: 277
ending page: 280
doi: 10.34012/bkkp.v4i2.7420

Comparison of bacang mango leaf extract concentrations (25%, 50%, and 75%) in inhibiting Streptococcus mutans in vitro
type: item
description: Observations in Pancur Batu District, Deli Serdang Regency, revealed an abundant growth of Bacang mango trees (Mangifera foetida), yet their potential benefits remain underutilized by the local community. This study aimed to investigate and provide insight into the antibacterial properties of Bacang mango leaf extract. An experimental laboratory study was conducted using a randomized posttest-only control group design. The results demonstrated that Bacang mango leaf extract effectively inhibited the growth of Streptococcus mutans in vitro, surpassing the efficacy of 0.2% chlorhexidine digluconate used as a positive control. Measurement of the inhibition zone diameters indicated a proportional relationship between extract concentration and antibacterial efficacy. At 25% concentration, the mean inhibition zone diameter was 13.15 ± 0.49 mm. Increasing the concentration to 50% yielded a larger diameter of 15.75 ± 0.66 mm, while the highest antibacterial activity was observed at 75% concentration, with an inhibition zone diameter of 16.73 ± 0.55 mm. In comparison, the 0.2% chlorhexidine digluconate positive control produced an inhibition zone diameter of only 12.50 ± 0.26 mm. These findings suggest that Bacang mango leaf extract at 75% concentration is the most effective in inhibiting Streptococcus mutans growth. Its significantly greater inhibitory effect relative to lower concentrations and the positive control highlights its potential as a natural antibacterial agent.
creator: Mangatas Halomoan Parluhutan Hutagalung
creator: Suci Erawati
creator: Ruben Tutamana Lumbansiantar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mangatas Halomoan Parluhutan Hutagalung, Suci Erawati, Ruben Tutamana Lumbansiantar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-08-22
publication date: 2025-08-22
volume: 4
number: 2
starting page: 281
ending page: 286
doi: 10.34012/bkkp.v4i2.7528

Effectiveness of transdermal patch formulation of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. leaf extract as an antipyretic in male rats induced with DPT vaccine
type: item
description: Fever is characterized by an elevation of body temperature above the normal range of 37.5°C and represents a physiological response to various health conditions such as infections or other diseases. Antipyretic drugs, including paracetamol and ibuprofen, are commonly used to manage fever. Ethanol extract of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. (kembang sepatu) leaves contains bioactive compounds such as tannins, flavonoids, saponins, carbohydrates, steroids, phenols, glycosides, quinones, terpenoids, cyclopeptides, and alkaloids, which may confer natural antipyretic properties. In this study, 3% and 5% (w/w) Hibiscus rosa-sinensis leaf ethanol extracts were formulated into transdermal patches and evaluated for their antipyretic efficacy in male rats induced with the Diphtheria-Pertussis-Tetanus (DPT) vaccine. The dried Hibiscus rosa-sinensis leaves were macerated using 96% ethanol. The concentrated extract was formulated into a hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC)-based transdermal patch. Phytochemical screening of the extract, stability testing of the transdermal patch, and statistical analysis of the antipyretic effect on DPT-induced male rats were conducted. Phytochemical screening of the 96% ethanol extract confirmed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, and saponins. The transdermal patch formulation demonstrated good stability over 21 days of storage. The 5% extract patch exhibited the highest antipyretic activity, significantly reducing fever in the experimental rats and showing effectiveness comparable to the positive control (paracetamol).
creator: Nessya Try Natasya Br Ketaren
creator: Astriani Natalia Br Ginting
creator: Rena Meutia
creator: Asyrun Alkhari Lubis
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Nessya Try Natasya Br Ketaren, Astriani Natalia Br Ginting, Rena Meutia, Asyrun Alkhari Lubis https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-08-22
publication date: 2025-08-22
volume: 4
number: 2
starting page: 287
ending page: 295
doi: 10.34012/bkkp.v4i2.7546

The association between farmer characteristics, behavior, and pesticide spraying patterns and skin disorders in citrus farmers in Aji Mbelang Village, Karo Regency
type: item
description: Agriculture forms a vital component of Indonesia’s economy, yet pesticide use poses significant occupational health hazards, particularly skin disorders from exposure. This study aimed to analyze the association between farmer characteristics, behavior, and pesticide spraying patterns with the incidence of skin disorders among citrus farmers in Aji Mbelang Village, Karo Regency. A quantitative analytical cross-sectional study was conducted involving 30 citrus farmers selected through accidental sampling. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire assessing demographic variables, behavioral factors, and pesticide spraying patterns. Univariate and bivariate analyses, including chi-square tests, were performed to explore associations between independent variables and skin disorder incidence, with significance set at p<0.05. The majority of respondents were male (86.7%), aged over 36 years (43.3%), and had completed senior high school (46.7%). The prevalence of skin disorders was high (90.0%). Most farmers demonstrated poor knowledge about pesticide risks (60.0%) but exhibited positive attitudes (86.7%) and safety practices (76.7%). Contradictorily, 96.7% engaged in high-risk spraying behaviors. Age was the only statistically significant variable associated with skin disorders (p=0.044), with all farmers over 32 years reporting skin disorders. Skin disorders are highly prevalent among citrus farmers and significantly associated with older age. The findings reveal a gap between positive safety attitudes and hazardous field practices, highlighting the need for targeted educational interventions to enhance knowledge and promote safer pesticide application to mitigate dermal health risks.
creator: Putri Yunita Pane
creator: Yemima Valentin Br Surbakti
creator: Meysi Dea Vinata R. Saragih
creator: Hartono
creator: Pahala Maringan Jubel Simangungsong
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Putri Yunita Pane, Yemima Valentin Br Surbakti, Meysi Dea Vinata R. Saragih, Hartono, Pahala Maringan Jubel Simangungsong https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-08-23
publication date: 2025-08-23
volume: 4
number: 2
starting page: 296
ending page: 300
doi: 10.34012/bkkp.v4i2.7549

Glibenclamide prescription services profile in pharmacies of the Tapung Hilir District
type: item
description: Prescription dispensing in pharmacies involves two key stages: screening and medication preparation. Screening, conducted by the pharmacist, covers administrative requirements, pharmaceutical suitability, and clinical considerations. Medication preparation includes compounding, labeling, packaging, dispensing, counseling, and monitoring. The overarching goal is to ensure that the medication prescribed is accurately and safely delivered to the patient. This study assessed the prescription service quality for glibenclamide in Tapung Hilir pharmacies. Ninety pharmacies were randomly sampled, and data were collected using a simulated patient approach, where researchers acted as patients' family members seeking glibenclamide. The instruments employed—prescription, scenario, protocol, and checklist—were validated for reliability. Results showed that 85 pharmacies (94.4%) dispensed the prescribed medication. However, patient information gathering was minimal: only 7.1% asked for the recipient’s identity, 18.8% for the patient’s address, and fewer than 5% inquired about prior medication use or understanding of administration. Critical clinical data such as patient age, symptomatology, therapy goals, concurrent medications, and allergy history were generally not obtained. On average, pharmacies asked only 0.4 out of 13 patient assessment questions. Regarding medication counseling, the frequency of drug use was explained by 42.4% of pharmacies, while other key information—indication, dose, side effects, treatment duration, and storage—was rarely provided. On average, only 1.2 out of 16 drug information items were communicated. Labels were provided by 65.9% of pharmacies, with only one using a distinguishable blue label. In conclusion, the involvement of pharmacy staff in the comprehensive provision of prescription services for glibenclamide remains limited in Tapung Hilir. Enhancement in patient assessment and information delivery is urgently needed to improve medication safe…
creator: Hotvera Merianis
creator: Razoki Razoki
creator: Astriani Natalia Br Ginting
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Hotvera Hotvera Merianis, Razoki Razoki, Astriani Natalia Br Ginting https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-08-25
publication date: 2025-08-25
volume: 4
number: 2
doi: 10.34012/bkkp.v4i2.7553

Examining safety knowledge and attitudinal factors related to unsafe conduct among lathe operators
type: item
description: Background: Unsafe actions are a primary contributor to occupational accidents in industrial environments, yet the influence of worker-specific factors like knowledge and attitude requires continuous investigation. This study aimed to determine the association between Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) knowledge, attitude, and the prevalence of unsafe actions among lathe machine operators. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 33 lathe machine operators at CV. Melpura Jaya Teknik. Data on demographic characteristics, OSH knowledge, OSH attitude, and unsafe actions were collected using a structured questionnaire. The relationships between variables were analyzed using the Chi-Square test, with the significance level set at p < 0.05. Results: The analysis revealed a highly significant association between OSH knowledge and unsafe actions (p < .001), as well as a significant association between OSH attitude and unsafe actions (p = .031). Notably, all participants with poor knowledge (100%) or an unsupportive attitude (100%) were found to engage in high-risk unsafe actions. Conversely, all workers with good knowledge or a supportive attitude were classified in the low-risk category. Conclusion: OSH knowledge and attitude are critical determinants of safe behavior among lathe machine operators. Deficiencies in these areas are strongly correlated with high-risk actions. Therefore, workplace safety interventions should adopt a dual approach, focusing not only on comprehensive knowledge-based training but also on fostering a positive safety culture to shape supportive attitudes.
creator: Alfiah Chairani
creator: Hartono Hartono
creator: Santy Deasy Siregar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Alfiah Chairani, Hartono Hartono, Santy Deasy Siregar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-10-31
publication date: 2025-10-31
volume: 4
number: 2
starting page: 307
ending page: 312
doi: 10.34012/bkkp.v4i2.7554

The association between lifestyle and hypertension among elderly: A cross-sectional study at the Merdeka Community Health Center, Karo Regency
type: item
description: Background: Hypertension is a non-communicable disease with a continually rising prevalence, particularly within the elderly population. Lifestyle factors play a critical role in influencing the risk of developing hypertension. This study aimed to determine the relationship between lifestyle and the incidence of hypertension among the elderly at Merdeka Health Center in 2025. Methods: This study employed a quantitative design with a descriptive correlational method and a cross-sectional approach. The study population consisted of all 125 elderly individuals who visited the Merdeka Health Center between January and December 2024. A sample of 55 respondents was selected using an accidental sampling technique. Data were collected through questionnaires and blood pressure measurements and were subsequently analyzed using the Spearman's rho correlation test with a significance level of α=0.05. Results: The findings indicated a significant relationship between physical activity (p=0.046;r=−0.270), dietary patterns (p=0.029;r=0.295), rest/sleep habits (p=0.007;r=0.361), pesticide exposure (p=0.009;r=−0.351), and family history of hypertension (p=0.000;r=0.512) with the incidence of hypertension in the elderly. However, no significant relationship was found between smoking history and the incidence of hypertension (p=0.057;r=−0.258). Conclusion: Most of the investigated lifestyle components—specifically physical activity, dietary patterns, and rest habits—along with pesticide exposure and family history, have a significant association with the incidence of hypertension in the elderly. It is therefore recommended that elderly individuals adopt a healthy lifestyle for the prevention and control of hypertension.
creator: Chindy Br Surbakti
creator: Hartono Hartono
creator: Santy Deasy Siregar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Chindy Br Surbakti, Hartono Hartono, Santy Deasy Siregar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-10-31
publication date: 2025-10-31
volume: 4
number: 2
starting page: 313
ending page: 319
doi: 10.34012/bkkp.v4i2.7555

Relationship between clean water quality and sanitation with health problems in Rambung Baru Village, Sibolangit Sub-district
type: item
description: The global challenge of inadequate access to clean water and sanitation continues to impose a substantial burden on public health, especially in developing regions. This study investigates the relationship between water quality, sanitation conditions, and health disorders among residents of Rambung Baru Village, Sibolangit Subdistrict, Indonesia. Employing a cross-sectional analytical design, data were collected from 130 households utilizing spring water as their primary source. Water quality was evaluated through physical, chemical, and microbiological analyses, while sanitation hygiene and health disorder data were gathered via questionnaires and health center records. The results indicate that over half of the respondents consumed water failing to meet quality standards, and nearly half experienced inadequate sanitation hygiene around water sources. A statistically significant association was found between poor water quality and the incidence of health disorders (p = 0.007), with affected individuals showing higher prevalence of diarrhea, acute respiratory infections, and skin diseases. Conversely, no significant relationship emerged between sanitation hygiene and health disorders (p = 0.289), although trends suggest a potential influence. These findings underscore the critical role of water quality in disease transmission and point to the need for prioritized interventions targeting water source protection and household water treatment. Given the complex interactions among water quality, sanitation, and hygiene behaviors, integrated approaches combining infrastructure improvements with community education on hygiene practices are essential. Further longitudinal research incorporating confounding factors is recommended to deepen understanding and guide effective public health strategies in similar rural contexts.
creator: Dahlan Sinaga
creator: Santy Deasy Siregar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Dahlan Sinaga, Santy Deasy Siregar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-10-31
publication date: 2025-10-31
volume: 4
number: 2
starting page: 320
ending page: 324
doi: 10.34012/bkkp.v4i2.7557

The association between workload and occupational stress levels among nurses at the Medan Tuntungan Community Health Center
type: item
description: Nurses, as frontline healthcare providers, are highly susceptible to occupational stress stemming from excessive workloads.1 In Indonesia, suboptimal nurse-to-population ratios exacerbate this, leading to high stress levels (65% moderate/severe) and increased turnover (15–20%). Preliminary observations at the Medan Tuntungan Community Health Center (Puskesmas) indicated rising patient visits without corresponding staff increases, resulting in high perceived workloads and stress symptoms. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between workload and the incidence of occupational stress among nurses at the Medan Tuntungan Community Health Center. A quantitative, cross-sectional design was employed in August 2025. A total sampling (census) technique was used, including all 30 nurses at the facility. Data were collected via a structured online questionnaire assessing workload (physical, mental, administrative) and job stress (physical, emotional, behavioral symptoms), categorized on an ordinal scale (Good, Moderate, Poor). Data analysis utilized univariate statistics and bivariate testing with the Chi-Square test or Fisher's Exact Test. Univariate analysis revealed that 90.0% of nurses perceived their workload as moderate (50.0%) or poor (40.0%). Regarding stress, 43.3% experienced moderate levels, and 30.0% experienced poor (high) levels. The bivariate analysis established a highly significant association between workload and work stress (p < 0.001). A clear positive correlation was observed: 75.0% of nurses with a poor workload reported poor (high) stress, while 100.0% of those with a good workload reported good (low) stress. No significant associations were found for work shift (p = 0.091) or length of service (p = 0.069).Conclusion: Workload is a significant determinant of occupational stress among nurses at the Medan Tuntungan Puskesmas. As workload perception worsens, stress levels increase. These findings underscore the urgent need for institutional intervent…
creator: M Rizky Ilahi
creator: Dameria Dameria
creator: Herbert Wau
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 M Rizky Ilahi, Dameria Dameria, Herbert Wau https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-10-31
publication date: 2025-10-31
volume: 4
number: 2
starting page: 325
ending page: 329
doi: 10.34012/bkkp.v4i2.7558

Effect of hygiene of kitchen utensils and food handlers on microbial counts in Jumbo Ayahanda Iced Tea drinks, Medan City
type: item
description: Food safety is a crucial aspect of public health, aiming to prevent diseases resulting from the consumption of contaminated food or beverages. This study employed a quantitative research design with an analytical observational approach. The analytical observational method was used to determine the relationship between two independent variables—kitchen utensils and food handler hygiene—and the dependent variable, the microbial count in jumbo iced tea beverages sold along Ayahanda Street, Medan. The quantitative approach was chosen for its ability to measure data numerically and statistically analyze the relationships among variables. Data collection was conducted through direct observation using standardized assessment sheets. The kitchen utensil variable included evaluation of the cleanliness of plastic cups, straws, cool boxes, and cup sealer machines; washing procedures; equipment storage; cleaning methods for stainless steel, glass, and food-grade plastic tools; as well as cleaning frequency. The food handler hygiene variable was assessed based on hand hygiene before and after beverage preparation, nail cleanliness, cleanliness of clothing and aprons during work, and the use of personal protective equipment such as masks and gloves. Microbiological testing involved determining the Total Plate Count (TPC) and comparing the results with established safety standards. Observational and laboratory data were processed and analyzed statistically using the Chi-Square test with a 5% significance level (α = 0.05) to evaluate the effect of kitchen utensil conditions and food handler hygiene on microbial counts. The results showed that the majority of jumbo iced tea samples contained microbial levels within safe limits. Of the 30 samples tested, only 4 samples (13.3%) contained detectable microbes, while 26 samples (86.7%) showed no microbial growth based on the Total Plate Count method. There was no significant association between kitchen utensil cleanliness and microbial c…
creator: Madeline Elisa Patricia Manalu
creator: Fransiska Lalania Waruwu
creator: Masryna Siagian
creator: Victor Trismanjaya Hulu
creator: Eka Lolita Eliyanti Pakpahan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Madeline Elisa Patricia Manalu, Fransiska Lalania Waruwu, Masryna Siagian, Victor Trismanjaya Hulu, Eka Lolita Eliyanti Pakpahan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-10-31
publication date: 2025-10-31
volume: 4
number: 2
starting page: 330
ending page: 334
doi: 10.34012/bkkp.v4i2.7559

Differences in nutritional status of exclusively breastfed and non-exclusively breastfed infants aged 0-6 months in Kutambaru Village, Munte Subdistrict
type: item
description: Nutritional status in children under five remains a critical public health issue in Indonesia, characterized by high rates of stunting (21.6%) and wasting (7.9% in North Sumatra). Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) for the first six months is vital for optimal growth, but compliance is low. This study aimed to analyze the determinants of nutritional status, focusing on the differences between infants aged 0-6 months receiving exclusive breastfeeding and those receiving breastfeeding plus early complementary feeding (MPASI). This research employed a comparative analytical design with a total sampling of 40 mothers and their infants (0-6 months) in Kutambaru Village, Munte Subdistrict. The independent variables were breastfeeding status (exclusive vs. non-exclusive) and complementary feeding status. The dependent variable was infant nutritional status (weight-for-length). Data were analyzed using the Chi-Square test. The results demonstrated a statistically significant association between exclusive breastfeeding and infant nutritional status (p = 0.019). Infants who received EBF were significantly more likely to have an optimal nutritional status. Complementary feeding also showed a significant association (p = 0.033). In conclusion, exclusive breastfeeding is the dominant factor significantly associated with optimal nutritional status in infants 0-6 months. Strengthening interventions to promote EBF is critical to prevent malnutrition.
creator: Denada Br Tarigan
creator: Eva Ellya Sibagariang
creator: Rapael Ginting
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Denada Br Tarigan, Eva Ellya Sibagariang, Rapael Ginting https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-10-31
publication date: 2025-10-31
volume: 4
number: 2
starting page: 335
ending page: 339
doi: 10.34012/bkkp.v4i2.7564

Effectiveness of leaflet and video interventions in promoting disease prevention behaviors among online motorcycle taxi drivers in Medan City
type: item
description: Online motorcycle taxi drivers represent informal sector workers who are at high risk of experiencing various health problems, such as musculoskeletal disorders, respiratory issues, and occupational stress, due to exposure to pollution, non-ergonomic working postures, long working hours, and unsafe road conditions. This study aims to identify the characteristics of online motorcycle taxi drivers in relation to the improvement of disease prevention behaviors. The research employed a quantitative approach with a non-randomized pretest–posttest control group design. The study population consisted of all online motorcycle taxi drivers operating in the Universitas Prima Indonesia area, with a total sample of 60 participants. They were divided into two groups: 30 respondents who received health education through leaflet media (intervention group) and 30 respondents who received education through video media (control group), selected using a non-probability sampling technique. Among respondents in the leaflet group, the majority were aged 19–44 years (93.3%), had a high school education (76.7%), had worked for less than five years (63.3%), worked more than eight hours per day (73.3%), and used automatic motorcycles (53.3%). Similarly, in the video group, most respondents were aged 19–44 years (90%), had completed high school (63.3%), had worked for less than five years (76.7%), worked more than eight hours per day (73.3%), and used automatic motorcycles (63.3%). Online motorcycle taxi drivers are part of the informal workforce with high health risks, highlighting the need for preventive efforts through educational interventions. The study findings indicate that the majority of respondents in both the leaflet and video groups were young adults with high school education, short work tenure, long working hours, and predominantly used automatic motorcycles. These characteristics can serve as a basis for designing more targeted health interventions to enhance disease prevention…
creator: Tiara Lorensia Br Surbakti
creator: Avivani Azzahra
creator: Dameria
creator: Herbert Wau
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Tiara Lorensia Br Surbakti, Avivani Azzahra, Dameria, Herbert Wau https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-10-31
publication date: 2025-10-31
volume: 4
number: 2
starting page: 340
ending page: 344
doi: 10.34012/bkkp.v4i2.7566

Factors associated with dietary adherence among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus at Royal Prima General Hospital
type: item
description: Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a significant health issue in Indonesia, where management relies heavily on patient dietary adherence. However, adherence levels are often suboptimal. This study aimed to identify the factors associated with dietary adherence among T2DM patients at a major hospital in Medan, Indonesia. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in December 2024 at Royal Prima General Hospital, involving 64 T2DM patients selected through total sampling. Data on demographic characteristics, knowledge, family support, and healthcare provider (HCP) support were collected via structured questionnaires. Dietary adherence was the dependent variable. Data were analyzed using chi-square tests and multivariate logistic regression. Results: A slight majority of patients (53.1%) were adherent to their diet. Multivariate analysis identified age as the most dominant predictor, with patients aged ≥45 years being 18.9 times more likely to be adherent than younger patients (AOR = 18.935, p=0.004). Male gender was also a significant predictor of higher adherence (AOR = 7.652, p=0.01). Paradoxically, good knowledge (AOR = 0.161) and HCP support (AOR = 0.109) were significantly associated with lower odds of adherence. Education and employment status showed no significant association. Conclusion: Age is the most critical factor influencing dietary adherence among T2DM patients in this cohort, with older individuals demonstrating significantly better compliance. Interventions should specifically target younger patients and women, who are at higher risk for non-adherence.
creator: Modesto Lam Ulido Putra Turnip
creator: Ermi Girsang
creator: Ade Indra Mukti
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Modesto Lam Ulido Putra Turnip, Ermi Girsang, Ade Indra Mukti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-10-31
publication date: 2025-10-31
volume: 4
number: 2
starting page: 352
ending page: 357
doi: 10.34012/bkkp.v4i2.7691

Climate change and the life cycle of aedes mosquitoes as vectors of the dengue virus: A scoping review
type: item
description: Background: Climate change significantly impacts the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases. Dengue, transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, is highly sensitive to climatic shifts, and global cases are surging. A clear understanding of how rising temperatures affect vector bionomics is essential for public health. This scoping review aims to synthesize recent evidence (2018–2025) on the relationship between climate change, particularly temperature, and the Aedes life cycle and dengue transmission. Methods: We conducted a scoping review using the Xiao and Watson (2019) framework. Systematic searches were performed in Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar for experimental, modeling, and field studies published between 2018 and 2025. Following screening based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, 13 studies were included. Data were extracted and synthesized qualitatively to identify key themes. Results: The findings reveal a complex, non-linear thermal relationship. Vector fitness (e.g., survival, fertility) peaks at 25°C–30°C but declines under "heat stress" (>32°C) despite faster development times. Critically, the thermal optimum for disease transmission (R₀) is higher, peaking at 29°C–31°C, driven by a heat-accelerated Extrinsic Incubation Period (EIP) of the virus. This discrepancy fuels a "dual threat": intensification of epidemics in endemic regions and expansion of vector habitats into temperate zones. This aligns with epidemiological data showing the global dengue burden approximately doubled between 1990 and 2021. Conclusions: Climate change is an unequivocal amplifier of the global dengue threat, fundamentally altering Aedes bionomics and transmission potential. This reality necessitates a paradigm shift from reactive to predictive public health, mandating expanded surveillance in newly vulnerable regions. Major research gaps persist regarding the synergistic effects of rainfall, humidity, and diurnal temperature fluctuations (DTR).
creator: Gita Br Ginting
creator: Angel Juliana Peace Sitorus
creator: Putri Yunita Pane
creator: Hartono
creator: Pahala Maringan Jubel Simangungsong
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Gita Br Ginting, Angel Juliana Peace Sitorus, Putri Yunita Pane, Hartono, Pahala Maringan Jubel Simangungsong https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-10-31
publication date: 2025-10-31
volume: 4
number: 2
starting page: 345
ending page: 351
doi: 10.34012/bkkp.v4i2.7563